Most people expect their homes to be a safe place to relax and recover from the stresses of daily life. However, what if the very air inside your home is making you sick? Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) is a condition where indoor environments cause a range of unexplained health symptoms, from headaches and fatigue to respiratory issues and skin irritation. Unlike specific illnesses linked to identified contaminants, SBS is a broad term for symptoms that appear when inside a building and improve after leaving.
Indoor air pollution, mold, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and poor ventilation are just a few of the possible culprits behind SBS symptoms. Understanding the causes and solutions for Sick Building Syndrome is crucial for maintaining a healthy indoor environment.
What is Sick Building Syndrome?
Defining Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) and Its Impact
Sick Building Syndrome refers to a situation where building occupants experience acute health symptoms that seem to be linked to time spent indoors, but no specific illness or cause can be pinpointed. The symptoms often occur in modern, energy-efficient homes and office buildings with limited airflow and excessive pollutants.
The World Health Organization (WHO) has recognized SBS as a significant public health concern, particularly in buildings with poor ventilation, high humidity, and toxic materials such as asbestos and formaldehyde. Research from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) highlights that SBS is more prevalent in workplaces, schools, and tightly sealed homes that trap contaminants indoors.
How SBS Differs from Other Indoor Air Quality Issues
Unlike specific indoor air quality illnesses such as Legionnaires’ disease, carbon monoxide poisoning, or asthma triggered by dust and pollen, Sick Building Syndrome doesn’t have a clear biological or chemical cause. It is a broad diagnosis based on observed health symptoms rather than laboratory tests.
Additionally, SBS symptoms can vary widely among individuals, making it difficult to diagnose. Some people may experience severe headaches and dizziness, while others report skin rashes, throat irritation, or respiratory discomfort. Because symptoms typically disappear after leaving the affected building, SBS is often overlooked as a potential cause of chronic health complaints.
Common Sick Building Syndrome Symptoms
Physical Symptoms – Headaches, Fatigue, and Respiratory Issues
One of the most common signs of Sick Building Syndrome is persistent headaches, often accompanied by fatigue and a general feeling of discomfort. Poor indoor air quality, air pollution, and exposure to toxins can lead to a buildup of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other harmful particulates, resulting in dizziness, nausea, and shortness of breath.
Individuals with pre-existing conditions such as asthma or allergies may notice worsening coughing, chest tightness, or throat irritation due to exposure to indoor mold, dust, and chemical pollutants. Long-term exposure to poor indoor air quality can even increase the risk of developing chronic respiratory conditions and occupational stress-related illnesses.
Cognitive and Neurological Effects – Brain Fog and Difficulty Concentrating
Exposure to poor air quality doesn’t just affect physical health—it can also impact cognitive function and mental clarity. Many people experiencing SBS report brain fog, difficulty concentrating, and even memory problems.
Research published in PubMed has linked high levels of CO2 and VOCs to reduced cognitive performance and productivity in workplaces. Inadequate ventilation can lead to a lack of oxygen, increasing drowsiness, irritability, and difficulty focusing on tasks.
Skin and Eye Irritation from Poor Indoor Air Quality
Dry, irritated skin and eye discomfort are also common complaints associated with Sick Building Syndrome. Prolonged exposure to indoor pollutants, such as tobacco smoke, chemical fumes, and dust, can lead to dermatitis, itching, redness, and rashes.
Poor humidity control can exacerbate these issues, causing dry air to strip the skin of moisture while promoting eye irritation and throat dryness. Buildings with air conditioning systems that lack proper filtration may allow particulates and allergens to circulate, worsening symptoms over time.
What Causes Sick Building Syndrome?
Poor Ventilation and Stagnant Indoor Air
One of the primary causes of Sick Building Syndrome is poor ventilation. When a building lacks sufficient air circulation, indoor pollutants become trapped, leading to a buildup of toxins, CO2, and volatile organic compounds. This is particularly common in energy-efficient buildings where airtight insulation prevents the exchange of fresh outdoor air.
However, HVAC systems that aren't properly maintained or designed can also contribute to SBS symptoms. Dust, mold spores, and bacteria accumulate in air ducts over time, spreading contaminants throughout the home when the system runs. Additionally, stale air recirculation—when an HVAC system continuously cycles the same polluted air without introducing fresh air—can lead to an increase in CO2 levels, exacerbating fatigue and cognitive issues.
Another overlooked factor is poor filter maintenance. A clogged or low-efficiency air filter fails to trap airborne particles like pollen, pet dander, and mold spores, allowing them to circulate freely. Regular HVAC maintenance, high-efficiency filtration systems, and routine duct cleaning can significantly improve indoor air quality and reduce SBS symptoms.
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers) recommend maintaining proper airflow in workplaces and homes to reduce contaminant buildup. Ensuring adequate ventilation through HVAC systems, air purifiers, and open windows can help mitigate the risks of SBS symptoms.
Mold and Moisture Issues in the Home
Indoor mold thrives in humid environments and is a major contributor to Sick Building Syndrome. Water damage, poor ventilation, and leaky pipes create the perfect conditions for fungus and mildew to grow, releasing spores into the air.
Exposure to mold spores can trigger respiratory issues, skin irritation, and neurological symptoms in some individuals. Those with multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) or weakened immune systems may experience more severe reactions, including chronic sinus infections, fatigue, and headaches.
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) from Household Products
VOCs are harmful organic compounds that off-gas from paint, carpet, furniture, and common household cleaning products. These chemicals contribute to indoor air pollution and have been linked to SBS symptoms, including dizziness, nausea, and breathing difficulties.
Because VOCs are invisible and odorless, many homeowners don’t realize how much exposure they have. Even "new home smell" or fresh paint odors are signs of VOCs being released into the air. Long-term exposure can cause headaches, respiratory irritation, and neurological effects.
Long-term exposure to high levels of VOCs can lead to toxic buildup in the body, affecting the nervous system, immune function, and hormonal balance. Reducing VOC exposure by choosing low-emission building materials, non-toxic cleaning products, and increasing ventilation can help improve indoor air quality.
Dust, Allergens, and Particulate Matter Accumulation
Poorly maintained HVAC systems, clogged air filters, and dust buildup can contribute to SBS by increasing exposure to particulates, pollen, and airborne allergens. Buildings with old carpet, poorly sealed windows, and inadequate ventilation often have higher concentrations of indoor pollutants, leading to breathing problems and allergic reactions.
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and Other Indoor Air Pollutants
Elevated levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) in enclosed spaces can result in fatigue, drowsiness, and reduced productivity. Combined with other airborne toxins like carbon monoxide, tobacco smoke, and chemical fumes, high CO2 levels create an unhealthy environment that contributes to SBS symptoms.
How to Identify If Your Home Has Sick Building Syndrome
Key Signs Your Home’s Air Quality May Be Compromised
If you or your family members frequently experience headaches, fatigue, respiratory issues, or skin irritation that improve when you leave your home, you may be dealing with Sick Building Syndrome. Other indicators of poor indoor air quality include:
Persistent odors from paint, cleaning products, or furniture outgassing.
Excess humidity, leading to mold growth, dust mites, and fungus accumulation.
Visible signs of water damage, which can contribute to indoor mold and bacteria buildup.
Frequent HVAC issues, such as weak airflow, unusual smoke smells, or a dusty environment.
If these signs are present, it’s essential to investigate your home’s air quality and potential toxins before long-term health issues develop.
When to Get an Indoor Air Quality Assessment
If you suspect your home is causing SBS symptoms, an indoor air quality assessment is a crucial step in identifying the problem. Professional testing can detect carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), formaldehyde, pollen, and other pollutants that may be impacting your health.
The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) recommend air quality testing in homes with:
Frequent occupant complaints of SBS-related symptoms.
Water damage or a history of mold contamination.
Recent construction or installation of new carpets, furniture, or insulation.
Older HVAC systems that have not been properly maintained.
A professional evaluation can pinpoint contaminants and provide tailored solutions to improve indoor air quality and eliminate SBS symptoms.
Ways to Improve Indoor Air Quality and Reduce SBS Symptoms
Increasing Ventilation and Air Circulation
One of the most effective ways to combat Sick Building Syndrome is to improve ventilation and increase air circulation. Opening windows, using ceiling fans, and installing air purifiers with HEPA filters can help remove pollutants and introduce fresh outdoor air.
ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers) recommends that homes and workplaces maintain a consistent air exchange rate to prevent stagnant air and the buildup of CO2, dust, and airborne toxins.
Controlling Moisture Levels and Preventing Mold Growth
Maintaining balanced humidity levels is essential for preventing mold growth and reducing respiratory irritation. Dehumidifiers can help keep indoor moisture levels between 30-50%, while humidifiers may be needed in dry climates to prevent skin irritation and throat dryness.
Additionally, fixing water leaks, using mold-resistant building materials, and ensuring proper air conditioning maintenance can prevent mold spores from circulating in your home.
Reducing Chemical Pollutants and VOC Exposure
To minimize exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and toxic chemicals, consider switching to:
Low-VOC or non-toxic paints, varnishes, and furniture finishes.
Natural cleaning products free of harsh chemicals and fragrances.
HEPA vacuum cleaners to remove dust, pollen, and airborne allergens.
Avoid excessive use of air fresheners, tobacco smoke, and scented candles, as these can release harmful organic compounds into the air.
Using Air Purifiers and High-Quality Filtration Systems
Installing an air purifier with a HEPA filter can significantly reduce dust, pollen, pet dander, and bacteria in your home. Some advanced systems also feature UV light to eliminate airborne pathogens and tobacco smoke particles.
Regularly replacing air filters in HVAC systems ensures that particulates, pollutants, and allergens are effectively removed from circulation.
Regular HVAC Maintenance and Air Duct Cleaning
Dirty air ducts, clogged filters, and poorly maintained HVAC systems can distribute dust, mold spores, and pollutants throughout your home. Routine HVAC maintenance ensures:
Proper airflow and ventilation.
Prevention of contamination from mold, dust, and bacteria.
Reduction of carbon monoxide risks from faulty furnaces and gas appliances.
A professional duct cleaning service can remove allergens, pet dander, and accumulated debris, improving indoor air quality and reducing SBS symptoms.
Conclusion
Ignoring Sick Building Syndrome symptoms can lead to long-term health consequences, including chronic respiratory diseases, skin conditions, and occupational stress-related illnesses. Addressing air quality concerns ensures a safer, healthier living environment.
To maintain good indoor air quality, homeowners should:
Monitor humidity levels and prevent mold growth.
Improve ventilation and reduce airborne pollutants.
Schedule regular HVAC maintenance and air duct cleaning.
Invest in professional air quality testing for accurate results.
Protect Your Home and Health with IAQs' Indoor Air Quality Testing
If you or your family are experiencing unexplained headaches, fatigue, allergies, or discomfort at home, your indoor air quality may be to blame. Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) is more common than you think, but the good news is—it can be fixed. At IAQs, we specialize in comprehensive indoor air quality testing to pinpoint hidden pollutants, mold, VOCs, poor ventilation, and other factors contributing to SBS symptoms.
Our expert team provides personalized air quality solutions tailored to your home’s unique environment. Whether you need airborne contaminant testing, humidity control strategies, HVAC inspections, or pollutant reduction plans, we have the expertise to help you create a cleaner, healthier home.
Don’t ignore the warning signs of Sick Building Syndrome. Take control of your indoor air quality today! Contact IAQs now to schedule your professional air quality assessment and breathe easier knowing your home is a safe, comfortable space for your family.
FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions)
What are the most common symptoms of Sick Building Syndrome?
Common SBS symptoms include headaches, fatigue, throat irritation, skin rashes, respiratory issues, and cognitive difficulties.
How can I tell if my home has poor indoor air quality?
Frequent allergy symptoms, musty odors, excess humidity, and mold growth are signs of poor indoor air quality.
Can Sick Building Syndrome be caused by my HVAC system?
Yes, dirty air ducts, clogged filters, and poor ventilation can contribute to SBS symptoms by circulating contaminants.
What is the best way to reduce VOCs in my home?
Use low-VOC paints, natural cleaning products, and improve airflow with proper ventilation.
Do I need professional indoor air quality testing for SBS symptoms?
Yes, professional testing can pinpoint the source of pollutants and provide solutions for improving air quality and overall health.